Exposure‐response analyses based on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) offer great promise in research and development for vaccination and immunotherapy.

While clinical and systems pharmacology integrate actionable multiscale information, quantitative immunology has focused on structural models of immune responses, without data‐based calibration or prediction. Given growing immune datasets, and to facilitate a systems approach to immunomodulation, we propose a paradigm shift where the immune‐response, rather than the PK, captures ‘exposure’.